Prototypes profiles of managerial performance
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.24837/pru.v7i2.438Keywords:
typological methodology, inverse factor analysis, managerial performanceAbstract
This study examines empirically distinct types of police managers. In an application of the typological methodology the present work investigates the performance profiles of police managers according to the similarity of their configurations. This research was exploratory and no formal hypotheses as to the number and nature of the types that will emerge were advanced. A total of 150 police officers occupying managerial positions from a variety of organizational levels participated in a combined psychological and managerial assessment program. Through inverse factor analysis the participants of this study were classified into three type categories: Aloof Technicians, Amiable Mediocres and Warmhearted Influents. The nature of these prototypical profiles was determined by examining the correlations between participants’ component loadings and scores on managerial performance, personality and mental ability variables. Implications addressing predictor-performance relations, implicit theories of performance, gender differences and relative effectiveness of each type in different situations were discussed.
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References
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Colihan, J., & Burger, G. K. (1995). Constructing job families: An analysis of quantitative techniques used for grouping jobs. Personnel Psychology, 48, 563-586.
Conger, J. A., & Riggio, R. E. (Eds.). (2007). The practice of leadership: Developing the next generation of leaders. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Dale, K., & Fox, M. L. (2008). Leadership style and organizational commitment: Mediating effects of role stress. Journal of Managerial Issues, XX(1), 109-130.
Doty, D., & Glick, W. (1994). Typologies as a Unique Form of Theory Building. Academy of Management Review, 19(2), 230-251.
Drexler, J. A., Beehr, T. A., & Stetz, T. A. (2001). Peer appraisals: Differentiation of individual performance on group tasks. Human Resource Management, 40, 333-345.
Druckman, D., & Bjork, R. A. (1991). In the mind's eye: Enhancing human performance. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
Fleishman, E. A., & Quaintance, M. K. (1984). Taxonomies of human performance: The description of human tasks. Orlando, FL: Academic Press.
Fleishman, E. A., Mumford, M. D., Zaccaro, S. J., Levin, K. Y., Korotkin, A. L., & Hein, M. B. (1991). Taxonomic efforts in the description of leader behavior: A synthesis and functional interpretation. Leadership Quaterly, 2(4), 245-287.
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Hogan, R., & Tett, R. (2002). Leadership assessment. In R. Fernandez-Ballesteros (Ed.). The encyclopedia of psychological assessment (p. 548-553). London: Sage.
Holt, K. E., & Hazucha J. F. (1991). Management Skills Profile technical summary. Minneapolis, MN: Personnel Decisions, Inc.
Iliescu, D. (2005). Metodologia Q. Bucuresti: Comunicare.ro.
Johnson, J. W., & Olson, A. O. (1996). Crossnational differences in perceptions of supervisor performance. In D. C. Ones & C. Viswesvaran (Chairs) Frontiers of International I/O Psychology: Empirical findings for expatriate management. Symposium conducted at the 11th Annual Conference of the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology, San Diego, CA.
Johnson, J. W. (1994). The role of implicit theories in the performance appraisal process: an investigation and framework of research. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis.
Johnson, J. W. (2001). The relative importance of task and contextual performance dimensions to supervisor judgments of overall performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86, 984-996.
Johnson, J. W., Schneider, R. J., & Oswald, F. L. (1997). Toward a taxonomy of managerial performance profiles. Human Performance, 1 (3), 227-250.
Katzell, R. A. (1994). Contemporary meta-trends in industrial and organizational psychology. In H. Triandis, M. D. Dunnette, & L. M. Hough (Eds.), Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology (2nd ed., vol. 4, pp. 1-89). Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
Kouzes, J., & Posner, B. (2002). The leadership challenge. San Francisco, CA: Jossey Bass Publishers.
Krauss, S. (2008). A tripartite model of idiographic research: Progressing past the concept of idiographic research as a singular entity. Social Behavior and Personality, 36(8), 1123-1140.
Littrell, R. F., & Lapadus, N. V. (2005). Preferred leadership behaviours: Exploratory results from Romania, Germany, and the UK. The Journal of Management Development, 24(5), 421-442.
Magnusson, D. (2001). The holistic-interactionistic paradigm: Some directions for empirical developmental research. European Psychologist, 61, 153-162.
Mandara, J. (2003). The typological approach in child and family psychology: A review of theory, methods, and research. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 6(2), 129-146.
McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T. Jr. (1989). Reinterpreting the Myer-Briggs Type Indicator from the perspective of the five factor model of personality. Journal of Personality, 57, 17-40.
McQuitty, L. L. (1987). Pattern-analytic clustering: Theory, method, research and configural findings. Landham, MD: University Press of America.
Meehl, P. E. (1992). Factors and taxa, traits and types, differences of degree and differences in kind. Journal of Personality, 60, 117-174.
Messick, S. M. (1989). Validity. In R. Lynn (Ed.), Educational measurements (3rd ed., pp. 13-103). New York, NY: Macmillan.
Miclea, M. (1994). Psihologie cognitivă. Cluj-Napoca: Casa de Editură Gloria.
Mumford, M. D., Zaccaro, S. J., Johnson, J. F., Diana, M., Gillbert, J. A., & Threfall, K.V. (2000). Patterns of leader characteristics: Implications for performance and development. Leadership Quarterly, 7(1), 115-133.
Pearce, C. L., Sims, H. P. Jr., Cox, J. F., Ball, G., Schnell, E., Smith, K., & Trevino, L. (2003). Transactors, transformers and beyond: A multi-method development of a theoretical typology of leadership. Journal of Management Development, 22 (4), 273-307.
Pitariu, H. D., Iliescu, D., Tureanu, V., & Peleas?, C. (2006). Manualul testului: Inventarul Psihologic California. Cluj-Napoca: Editura Odyseea.
Radu, I. (2002). Demersuri tipice în abordarea personalității. In Opre, A. (coord.), Noi tendințe în psihologia personalității: Modele teoretice (vol. 1, p. 19-33). Cluj-Napoca: ASCR.
Radu, I., Ilu?, P., & Matei, L. (1994). Psihologie socială. Cluj-Napoca: Editura Exe S.R.L.
Raven, J., Raven, J. C., & Court, J. H. (2006). Matrici Progresive Avansat. Cluj-Napoca: Editura RTS.
Robins, R. W., John, O. P., Caspi. A., Moffitt, T. E., & Stouthamer-Loeber, M. (1996). Resilient, overcontrolled and undercontrolled boys: Three replicable personality types. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 157-171.
Sava, F. (2004). Analiza datelor în cercetarea psihologică. Metode statistice complementare. Cluj-Napoca: Editura ASCR.
Schein, E. H. (1980). Organizational psychology (3rd ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Schneider, R. J., & Hough, L. M. (1995). Personality and industrial/organizational psychology. In C. L. Cooper & I. T. Robertson (Eds.), International review of industrial and organizational psychology (p. 75-129). Chichester, England: Wiley.
Sevy, B. A., Olson, R. D., McGuire D. P., Fraser, M. E., & Paajanen, G. (1985). Management Skills Profile research report and technical manual. Minneapolis, MN: Personnel Decisions, Inc.
Sherman, S. J., Castelli, L., & Hamilton, D. L. (2002). The spontaneous use of a group typology as an organizing principle in memory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 328-342.
Socal, R. R., & Sneath, P. H. R. (1963). Principles of numeric taxonomy. San Francisco: Freeman Press.
Varela, J. G. (2001). Meta-analysis of the predictive validity of personality testing in law enforcement employment settings. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences & Engineering, 61, 5010.
von Bertalanaffy, L. (1981). A systems views of man. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
Vroom, V. H., & Jago, A.G. (2007). The role of the situation in leadership. American Psychologist, 62(1), 17-24.
Waller, N. G., & Meehl, P. E. (1998). Multivariate taxometric procedures: Distinguishing types from continua. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Wallerstein, R. S. (2009). What kind of research in psychoanalytic science? International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 90, 109-133.
Wang, H., Law, K. S., Hackett, R. D., Wang, D., & Chen, Z. X. (2005). Leader-member exchange as a mediator of the relationship between transformational leadership and followers' performance and organizational citizenship behavior. Academy of Management Journal, 48(3), 420-432.
Woehr, D. J., Day, D. V., Arthur, W. Jr., & Bedeian A. G. (1995). The systematic distortion hypothesis: a confirmatory test of the implicit covariance and general impression models. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 16, 417-434.
York, K. L., & John, O. P. (1992). The four faces of Eve: a typological analysis of women's personality at midlife. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63, 494-508.
Zlate, M. (2007). Tratat de psihologie organizațional-managerială (vol. 2). Iasi: Editura Polirom
Atkinson, L. R., Atkinson, R. C., Smith, E. E., Bem, D. J., & Nole-Hoeksema, S. (2000). Hilgard's introduction to psychology (13th ed.). Ft. Worth, TX: Harcourt Brace College Publishers.
Bess, T., Harvey, R. J., & Schwartz, D. (2003). Hierarchical confirmatory factor analysis of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator. Paper presented at the Annual Conference of the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology, Orlando.
Block, J. (1971). Lives through time. Berkeley, CA: Bancroft.
Block, J. (2000). Three tasks for personality psychology. In L. R. Bergman, R. B. Cairns, L. G. Nilsson, & L. Nystedt (Eds.), Developmental science and the holistic approach (pp. 155-164). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Borman, W. C., & Brush, D. H. (1993). More progress toward a taxonomy of managerial performance requirements. Human Performance, 6, 1-21.
Borman, W. C., & Motowidlo, S. J. (1993). Expanding the criterion domain to include elements of contextual performance. In N. Schmitt & W. C. Borman (Eds.), Personnel selection in organizations (pp. 71-98). San Francisco, CA: Jossey Bass.
Colihan, J., & Burger, G. K. (1995). Constructing job families: An analysis of quantitative techniques used for grouping jobs. Personnel Psychology, 48, 563-586.
Conger, J. A., & Riggio, R. E. (Eds.). (2007). The practice of leadership: Developing the next generation of leaders. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Dale, K., & Fox, M. L. (2008). Leadership style and organizational commitment: Mediating effects of role stress. Journal of Managerial Issues, XX(1), 109-130.
Doty, D., & Glick, W. (1994). Typologies as a Unique Form of Theory Building. Academy of Management Review, 19(2), 230-251.
Drexler, J. A., Beehr, T. A., & Stetz, T. A. (2001). Peer appraisals: Differentiation of individual performance on group tasks. Human Resource Management, 40, 333-345.
Druckman, D., & Bjork, R. A. (1991). In the mind's eye: Enhancing human performance. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
Fleishman, E. A., & Quaintance, M. K. (1984). Taxonomies of human performance: The description of human tasks. Orlando, FL: Academic Press.
Fleishman, E. A., Mumford, M. D., Zaccaro, S. J., Levin, K. Y., Korotkin, A. L., & Hein, M. B. (1991). Taxonomic efforts in the description of leader behavior: A synthesis and functional interpretation. Leadership Quaterly, 2(4), 245-287.
Hackman, J. R., & Wagerman, R. (2007). Asking the right questions about leadership. American Psychologist, 62(1), 43-47.
Hackman, J. R. (1985). Doing research that makes a difference. In E. E. Lawler III, A. M. Mohrman Jr., S. A. Mohrman, G. E. Ledford Jr., & T. G. Cummings (Eds.), Doing research that is useful for theory and practice (p. 126-149). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
Harvey, R. J. (1996). Reliability and validity. In A. L. Hammer (Ed.) MBTI Applications. (pp.5-29). Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychological Press.
Hedge, J. W., & Borman, W. C. (1995). Changing conceptions and practices in performance appraisal. In A. Howard (Ed.) The changing nature of work (p. 451-481). San-Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
Heilman, M. E., Block, C., Martell, R., & Simon, M. (1989). Has anything changed? Current characterizations of males, females and managers. Journal of Applied Psychology, 74, 935-942.
Heslin, P. A., Latham, G. P., & VandeWalle, D. (2005). The effect of implicit person theory on performance appraisals. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90, 842-856.
Hogan, R., & Tett, R. (2002). Leadership assessment. In R. Fernandez-Ballesteros (Ed.). The encyclopedia of psychological assessment (p. 548-553). London: Sage.
Holt, K. E., & Hazucha J. F. (1991). Management Skills Profile technical summary. Minneapolis, MN: Personnel Decisions, Inc.
Iliescu, D. (2005). Metodologia Q. Bucuresti: Comunicare.ro.
Johnson, J. W., & Olson, A. O. (1996). Crossnational differences in perceptions of supervisor performance. In D. C. Ones & C. Viswesvaran (Chairs) Frontiers of International I/O Psychology: Empirical findings for expatriate management. Symposium conducted at the 11th Annual Conference of the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology, San Diego, CA.
Johnson, J. W. (1994). The role of implicit theories in the performance appraisal process: an investigation and framework of research. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis.
Johnson, J. W. (2001). The relative importance of task and contextual performance dimensions to supervisor judgments of overall performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 86, 984-996.
Johnson, J. W., Schneider, R. J., & Oswald, F. L. (1997). Toward a taxonomy of managerial performance profiles. Human Performance, 1 (3), 227-250.
Katzell, R. A. (1994). Contemporary meta-trends in industrial and organizational psychology. In H. Triandis, M. D. Dunnette, & L. M. Hough (Eds.), Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology (2nd ed., vol. 4, pp. 1-89). Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
Kouzes, J., & Posner, B. (2002). The leadership challenge. San Francisco, CA: Jossey Bass Publishers.
Krauss, S. (2008). A tripartite model of idiographic research: Progressing past the concept of idiographic research as a singular entity. Social Behavior and Personality, 36(8), 1123-1140.
Littrell, R. F., & Lapadus, N. V. (2005). Preferred leadership behaviours: Exploratory results from Romania, Germany, and the UK. The Journal of Management Development, 24(5), 421-442.
Magnusson, D. (2001). The holistic-interactionistic paradigm: Some directions for empirical developmental research. European Psychologist, 61, 153-162.
Mandara, J. (2003). The typological approach in child and family psychology: A review of theory, methods, and research. Clinical Child and Family Psychology Review, 6(2), 129-146.
McCrae, R. R., & Costa, P. T. Jr. (1989). Reinterpreting the Myer-Briggs Type Indicator from the perspective of the five factor model of personality. Journal of Personality, 57, 17-40.
McQuitty, L. L. (1987). Pattern-analytic clustering: Theory, method, research and configural findings. Landham, MD: University Press of America.
Meehl, P. E. (1992). Factors and taxa, traits and types, differences of degree and differences in kind. Journal of Personality, 60, 117-174.
Messick, S. M. (1989). Validity. In R. Lynn (Ed.), Educational measurements (3rd ed., pp. 13-103). New York, NY: Macmillan.
Miclea, M. (1994). Psihologie cognitivă. Cluj-Napoca: Casa de Editură Gloria.
Mumford, M. D., Zaccaro, S. J., Johnson, J. F., Diana, M., Gillbert, J. A., & Threfall, K.V. (2000). Patterns of leader characteristics: Implications for performance and development. Leadership Quarterly, 7(1), 115-133.
Pearce, C. L., Sims, H. P. Jr., Cox, J. F., Ball, G., Schnell, E., Smith, K., & Trevino, L. (2003). Transactors, transformers and beyond: A multi-method development of a theoretical typology of leadership. Journal of Management Development, 22 (4), 273-307.
Pitariu, H. D., Iliescu, D., Tureanu, V., & Peleas?, C. (2006). Manualul testului: Inventarul Psihologic California. Cluj-Napoca: Editura Odyseea.
Radu, I. (2002). Demersuri tipice în abordarea personalității. In Opre, A. (coord.), Noi tendințe în psihologia personalității: Modele teoretice (vol. 1, p. 19-33). Cluj-Napoca: ASCR.
Radu, I., Ilu?, P., & Matei, L. (1994). Psihologie socială. Cluj-Napoca: Editura Exe S.R.L.
Raven, J., Raven, J. C., & Court, J. H. (2006). Matrici Progresive Avansat. Cluj-Napoca: Editura RTS.
Robins, R. W., John, O. P., Caspi. A., Moffitt, T. E., & Stouthamer-Loeber, M. (1996). Resilient, overcontrolled and undercontrolled boys: Three replicable personality types. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 157-171.
Sava, F. (2004). Analiza datelor în cercetarea psihologică. Metode statistice complementare. Cluj-Napoca: Editura ASCR.
Schein, E. H. (1980). Organizational psychology (3rd ed.). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Schneider, R. J., & Hough, L. M. (1995). Personality and industrial/organizational psychology. In C. L. Cooper & I. T. Robertson (Eds.), International review of industrial and organizational psychology (p. 75-129). Chichester, England: Wiley.
Sevy, B. A., Olson, R. D., McGuire D. P., Fraser, M. E., & Paajanen, G. (1985). Management Skills Profile research report and technical manual. Minneapolis, MN: Personnel Decisions, Inc.
Sherman, S. J., Castelli, L., & Hamilton, D. L. (2002). The spontaneous use of a group typology as an organizing principle in memory. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 328-342.
Socal, R. R., & Sneath, P. H. R. (1963). Principles of numeric taxonomy. San Francisco: Freeman Press.
Varela, J. G. (2001). Meta-analysis of the predictive validity of personality testing in law enforcement employment settings. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences & Engineering, 61, 5010.
von Bertalanaffy, L. (1981). A systems views of man. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
Vroom, V. H., & Jago, A.G. (2007). The role of the situation in leadership. American Psychologist, 62(1), 17-24.
Waller, N. G., & Meehl, P. E. (1998). Multivariate taxometric procedures: Distinguishing types from continua. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Wallerstein, R. S. (2009). What kind of research in psychoanalytic science? International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 90, 109-133.
Wang, H., Law, K. S., Hackett, R. D., Wang, D., & Chen, Z. X. (2005). Leader-member exchange as a mediator of the relationship between transformational leadership and followers' performance and organizational citizenship behavior. Academy of Management Journal, 48(3), 420-432.
Woehr, D. J., Day, D. V., Arthur, W. Jr., & Bedeian A. G. (1995). The systematic distortion hypothesis: a confirmatory test of the implicit covariance and general impression models. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 16, 417-434.
York, K. L., & John, O. P. (1992). The four faces of Eve: a typological analysis of women's personality at midlife. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63, 494-508.
Zlate, M. (2007). Tratat de psihologie organizațional-managerială (vol. 2). Iasi: Editura Polirom
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2020-01-27
How to Cite
Stoian, B. (2020). Prototypes profiles of managerial performance. Psihologia Resurselor Umane, 7(2), 40–56. https://doi.org/10.24837/pru.v7i2.438
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